The term for a substance that is dissolved into a solution.
solute
The term for a substance that dissolves another substance.
solvent
Why is it that some substances cannot be dissolved by water?
Water is a polar solvent. Materials that are non-polar will likely not be dissolved by water since water is not attracted to their molecules enough to dissolve them. (Like dissolves like)
What dissolution process occurs when an ionic compound is separated into free ions by the action of a polar solvent?
dissociation
What dissolution process occurs when sugar crystal (a polar-covalent compound) is separated into individual molecules by the action of a polar solvent?
dispersion
Term for a solution in which more solute can be dissolved.
unsaturated
The measure of the amount of a certain solute that can be dissolved into a given amount of a certain solvent at a certain temperature.
solubility
Any substance that produces a solution containing free ions when dissolved.
electrolyte
A solution in which the amount of solute dissolved exceeds its solubility at that temperature.
supersaturated
Identify two factors that affect the solubility of a gaseous solute in a liquid solvent.
1) the temperature of the solvent (higher temp = less solubility for gasses)
2) the pressure of the gas (higher pressure = greater solubility)
How is the molarity of a solution determined?
Dividing the moles of solute by the volume of the solution.
A solution that is holding the maximum amount of solute at its present temperature.
saturated
This term refers to the act of adding solvent to a solution in an effort to reduce the concentration of the solute.
dilution
The solubility of sodium chloride is 36 g per 100 g of water at 20 C.
A) what is the concentration (in % by mass) of a saturated salt-water solution at 20 C?
B) How many grams of salt can be dissolved into 200 g of water at 20 C?
C) How would the answer to part B change if the 200 g of water was heated well above 20 C?
A) 36 %
B) 36 x 2 = 72 grams
C) It would become greater than 72 grams.
When a salt is dissolved into water, decribe three properties of water that change.
1) becomes conductive
2) melting / freezing point drops
3) boiling point increases
What is the pH of pure water (defined as "neutral")
7
A) A pH below 7 defines this type of solution.
B) A pH above 7 defines this type of solution.
A) acidic
B) basic (alkaline)
pH is calculated based on the concentration of what in a solution?
hydronium ions
What is the pH value for a solution with a hydronium ion concetration equal to 1 x10{-9} or 1 E-9?
9
To increase the pH of a solution by 1 on the pH scale would require a(n) {increase / decrease} of hydronium ion by a factor of __________.
decrease ; 10
What characteristic defines all acids?
They produce hydronium ions when dissolved in solution.
What characteristic defines all bases?
They form hydroxide ions when dissolved in a solution.
What dissolution process results in the release of free protons when an acid is dissolved into solution?
ionization
What is a "neutralization" reaction? What products are formed?
A reaction between an acid and a base.
Water and a salt are produced.
Differentiate between "strong" acid and a "weak" acids and bases.
Strong acids and bases almost completely ionize in solution, whereas a weak acid or base only partially ionzizes in a solution to form hydronium or hydroxide ions.