The cytoplasm-like fluid between the thylakoid membrane and the two outer membranes of a chloroplast
Stroma
A chloroplast's highly folded inner membrane system; forms a continuous compartment.
Thylakoid membrane
Light-independent reactions of photosynthesis; cyclic carbon-fixing pathway that forms sugars from CO2.
Calvin-Benson cycle
Process by which carbon from an inorganic source such as carbon dioxide gets incorporated (fixed) into an organic molecule.
Carbon fixation
Process in which electron flow through electron transfer chains sets up a hydrogen ion gradient that drives ATP formation.
Electron transfer phosphorylation
involving or occurring in the presence of oxygen.
aerobic
Oxygen-requiring metabolic pathway that breaks down sugars to produce ATP.
aerobic respiration
Occuring in the absence of oxygen.
Anaerobic
Type of plant that uses only the Calvin-Benson cycle to fix carbon.
C3 plant
Type of plant that fixes carbon twice in two cell types.
C4 plant
Type of plant that fixes carbon twice, at different times of day.
CAM plant
A chloroplast's highly folded inner membrane system; forms a continuous compartment.
Thylakoid membrane
Set of reactions in which glucose is broken down to two pyruvate for a net yield of two ATP.
Glycolysis
Cyclic pathway that helps break down pyruvate to carbon dioxide during aerobic respiration.
Krebs cycle
Anaerobic pathway that breaks down sugars and produces ATP, CO2, and ethanol.
Alcoholic fermentation
An anaerobic pathway that breaks down sugars to produce ATP.
Fermentation
Anaerobic pathway that breaks down sugars and produces ATP and lactate.
Lactate fermentation
Main photosynthetic pigment in plants.
Chlorophyll a
Light-independent reactions of photosynthesis; cyclic carbon-fixing pathway that forms sugars from CO2.
Calvin-Benson cycle
An organic molecule that can absorb light of certain wavelengths.
Pigment
Closable gaps on aboveground plant surfaces. When open, they allow the plant to exchange gases with air. When closed, they limit water loss.
Stromata
Distance between the crests of two successive waves.
Wavelength
carbon fixing enzyme
rubisco
product of glycolysis
pyruvate
Which of the following metabolic pathways require molecular oxygen?
a. aerobic respiration
b. lactate fermentation
c. alcoholic fermentation
d. photosynthesis
a, d.