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Anatomy and Physiology Final 2

Cardiovascular System

Question: What are the main components of blood and what are their functions?
Answer: Plasma- 55%; fluid matrix
Erythrocytes- 45%; (rbc)- O2 transport
Leukocytes- >1%; (wbc)- protect body
Platelets- >1%; cell fragments used for clotting 


Question: What blood type is known as the "universal donor"?  
Answer: Type O

Question: Is blood oxygenated when it reenters the heart through the pulmonary vein?
Answer: Yes

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Lymphatic System

Question: What is the difference between specific and nonspecific defenses and give an example of each?
Answer: Specific defenses protect against a certain type of pathogen. An example is the flu vaccine. Getting it makes you more immune to that specific strain of the flu.
Nonspecific defenses protect against all types of pathogens. An example is earwax, which prevents a pathogen from being able to enter the body through the ear. 


Question: What is the job of helper T cells?
Answer: Helper T cells trap and immobilize the pathogen to keep it from attacking more cells and reproducing.

Question: What are antigens? 
Answer: Substances that protects the body from infection. Antigens on cells are recognized by immune defenses which tell them that those cells are not foreign.  

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Respiratory System

Question: What is the name of the air sacs inside the lungs?
Answer: Aveoli 

Question: What is inspiratory reserve volume?
Answer: It is the amount of air that can be taken in beyond the tidal volume.

Question: What happens to the pressure when the volume of the thoracic cavity increases? 
Answer: The pressure decreases.

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Digestive System

Question: What are the four major layers of the digestive tract?
Answer: Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and the serosa.

Question: What is a small mass of food called?
Answer: a bolus

Question: What is the function of bile?
Answer: To break down non-soluble lipids 

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Urinary System

Question: What is the basic functional unit of the kidney?
Answer: The Nephron 

Question: What are the nitrogenous wastes found in urine?
Answer: Urea, creatinine, ammonia, and uric acid 

Question: What is the tube that connects the kidneys to the urinary bladder?
Answer: The ureters 

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